Background:
Autophagy is a catabolic trafficking pathway for bulk destruction/ turnover of long-lived proteins and organelles via regulated lysosomal degradaton. The process consists of sequential: signaling, sequestration of cytoplasm, formation of a unique double membrane vesicle (autophagosome), targeting of the completed vesicle to the lysosome/vacuole followed by docking and fusion, and breakdown. Autophagy occurs constitutively at low levels to perform housekeeping functions such as destruction of dysfunctional organelles, with dramatic upregulation in the presence of external stressors, and internal needs. Autophagic proteins serve as key players via participation in the 1) protein serine/threonine kinase complex that relays upstream signals from TOR kinase, 2) the lipid kinase signaling complex that engages vesicle nucleation, 3) the ubiquitin-like conjugation pathway that facilitates vesicle expansion, and 4) the recycling pathway for removal of autophagy proteins from autophagosomes.
Product Citations:
Figure 1:
Western blot analysis of anti-APG8a Pab (Cat. #AP1801a) in rat brain lysate. Both lipidated (arrow, II) and non-lipidated APG8a (arrow, I) were detected in membrane fraction (P) but only non-lipidated APG8a was detected in soluble fraction (S). Immunofluorescent (IF) staining of mouse brain cells using anti-APG8a Pab (Cat. #AP1801a). IF data courtesy of Dr. Susan Cotman, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital. |
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| Specificity: |
| |
| | The antibodies are made against epitope | |
| | sequences from human proteins. Please | |
| | check individual product descriptions | |
| | for homology and species-specific | |
| | application data. | | |
| Applications: |
| |
| Antibodies have been broadly tested | |
| in ELISA, Western blot, and IHC | |
| applications. Immunofluorescence data | |
| is also demonstrated for select products. | |
| Check individual product technical | |
| data sheets for details. | | |
| Isotype: Rabbit Ig |
| Description: |
Select five or more autophagy antibodies from our comprehensive product line. |
| Storage: |
Maintain refrigerated at 2-8°C for up to 6
months. For long term storage store at -20°C. |
| Format: |
Purified polyclonal antibodies supplied in PBS with 0.09% (W/V) sodium azide. The antibodies are purified through protein G columns, eluted with high and low pH buffers and neutralized immediately, followed by dialysis against PBS. |
| Precautions: |
This product is for research use only. Not for use in
diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. |
| Background References: |
| | 1. |
Meijer AJ, Codogno P. Mol Aspects Med. 2006 Oct-Dec;27(5-6):411-25. |
| | 2. |
Rubinsztein DC, et al. Autophagy. 2005 Apr;1(1):11-22. |
| | 3. |
Debnath J, et al. Autophagy. 2005 Jul;1(2):66-74. |
| | 4. |
Deretic V. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006 Aug;18(4):375-82. |
| | 5. |
Hait WN, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 1;12(7 Pt 1):1961-5. |
| | 6. |
Yorimitsu T, Klionsky DJ. Cell Death Differ. 2005 Nov;12 Suppl 2:1542-52. |
| | 7. |
Mizushima N. Cell Death Differ. 2005 Nov;12 Suppl 2:1535-41. |
| | 8. |
Levine B, Yuan J. J Clin Invest. 2005 Oct;115(10):2679-88. |
| | 9. |
Shintani T, Klionsky DJ. Science. 2004 Nov 5;306(5698):990-5. |
| | 10. |
Cuervo AM. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004 Aug;263(1-2):55-72. |
| | 11. |
Tanida I, et al. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;36(12):2503-18. |
| | 12. |
Mizushima N. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;36(12):2491-502. |
| | 13. |
Meijer AJ, Codogno P. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;36(12):2445-62. |
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