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Background
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Covalent attachment of one protein to another is one of the more prominent posttranslational modifications in respects to size and ubiquity to which eukaryotic proteins are subject. Ubiquitin is the most familiar of the protein modifiers and its activation and transfer to target proteins has been studied for over two decades. Recently a new group of ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins have come to light. One of the most intriguing of them is SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier, ~12kDa) also known as Sentrin. SUMO family has been described in vertebrates: SUMO-1 and the closest homologs SUMO-2 and SUMO-3. SUMO have been shown to bind and regulate mammalian SP-RINGs (such as Mdm2, PIAS and PML), RanGAP1, RanBP2, p53, p73, HIPK2, TEL, c-Jun, Fas, Daxx, TNFRI, Topo-I, Topo-II, WRN, Sp100, IkB-alpha, Androgen receptor (AR), GLUT1/4, Drosophila Ttk69, Dorsal, CaMK, yeast Septins, and viral CMV-IE1/2, EBV-BZLF1, HPV/BPV-E1. These bindings implicate SUMO in the stabilization of the target proteins and/or their localization to subcellular complexes. SUMO research enters now an exciting phase with a promise to help understanding how cells orchestrate the complexities of rapidly regulating protein level and activity.
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Background
References
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- Desterro, J.M., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274(15):10618-10624 (1999).
- Gong, L., et al., FEBS Lett. 448(1):185-189 (1999).
- Okuma, T., et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 254(3):693-698 (1999).
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