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Background
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Activins are dimeric growth and differentiation factors which belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of structurally related signaling proteins. Activins signal through a heteromeric complex of receptor serine kinases which include at least two type I (I and IB) and two type II (II and IIB) receptors. These receptors are all transmembrane proteins, composed of a ligand-binding extracellular domain with cysteine-rich region, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain with predicted serine/threonine specificity. Type I receptors are essential for signaling; and type II receptors are required for binding ligands and for expression of type I receptors. Type I and II receptors form a stable complex after ligand binding, resulting in phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors. Type II receptors are considered to be constitutively active kinases. ACVR2B (activin A type IIB receptor)displays a 3- to 4-fold higher affinity for the ligand than activin A type II receptor.
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Background
References
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- Harrison, C.A., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 279(27):28036-28044 (2004).
- Martins da Silva, S.J., et al., Dev. Biol. 266(2):334-345 (2004).
- Casagrandi, D., et al., Mol. Hum. Reprod. 9(4):199-203 (2003).
- Shin, B.K., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 278(9):7607-7616 (2003).
- Schneider-Kolsky, M.E., et al., Placenta 23(4):294-302 (2002).
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