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Background
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Post-translational modifications of core histones (H1, H2A, H2B, H2, and H4) such as methylation, play a pivotal role in a variety of gene activities such as transcription regulation, DNA replication and damage repair, gene silencing and the regulation of cell developmental processes such as cellular differentiation and proliferation. These modifications, clustered on the relatively highly charged N-terminal tails of histones, result in remodeling of the chromatin structure. Conformational adjustment controls accessibility to transcription complexes and thereby directs promoter-specific events as well as overall controls of chromosomal activity. Key enzymes effecting these modifications include histone methyltransferase (HMT); the proper balance of protein methylation is crucial to appropriate cellular transcription.
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Addition of a methyl group to a cytosine residue of DNA by DNA methyltransferase converts it to 5-methylcytosine. The level of methylation of CpG islands, which cluster densely near eucaryotic gene promoters, strongly determines gene activity and expression; deposition of methyl groups on DNA play a role in inducing oncogenic transcription.
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Background
References
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- Curr Med Chem. 2008;15(1):92-106.
- Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2007 Dec;11(6):628-35.
- Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2007 Nov;14(11):1008-16.
- Development. 2007 Nov;134(22):3959-65.
- Nat Rev Genet. 2007 Nov;8(11):829-33.
- Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2007
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